1968-1980 DEMOCRATIZATION OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION
1975
The first personal studios.
Around this time, as the size of equipment began to decrease, making it possible for more and more composers to build their own personal studios. At first these were quite rudimentary; the equipment found in such studios might have included one or more tape recorders (stereo, or sometimes a multitrack recorder), a modular synthesizer, a mixing board, filters and a reverb unit.
Little by little, as access to equipment increased, the tools improved in quality and became more affordable to the general consumer. Composers naturally began to acquire their own equipment, and with the arrival of the personal computer, the trend became irreversible. This new tool gradually made the need for peripheral equipment virtually obsolete, as the external equipment and tools of the traditional studio could now be replaced by software or “plugins” stored internally on the computer (Pro Tools being the quintessential example). Today the large majority of composers own a personal computer on which all the essential tools of the studio are available.
Morton Subotnick’s Wild Bull is the second commission made specifically for a disc.
Vladimir Ussachevsky’s Compositional Piece no. 1 is a composition played in real-time.
1969 USA
Some of the pioneering composers using sounds transformed using the computer include J.K. Randall (Princeton), Charles Dodge (Columbia) and Otto Koening (Utrecht).
Steve Reich composes Pendulum Music and It’s Gonna Rain. The first piece uses a controlled feedback principle and the second, the possibilities of tape loops.
France / Sweden
Luc Ferrari’s Music promenade is a permanent installation using natural sounds.
France
Jean-Claude Risset’s first experiences with sonic paradoxes, such as sounds that seem to rise and descend simultaneously.
1970 France
François Bayle’s Jeîta ou murmure des eaux is a work that is realized using real world sounds and diffused in the lieu in which the sounds were recorded.
Second generation of sequencers.
Beginnings of “sound art”, an artistic approach that treats sounds as “objects”. This movement will have its heyday in the mid-1990s.
Canadian composer R. Murray Schafer founds the World Soundscape Project, out of which ”Acoustic Ecology” would emerge.
Ivan Parik - Music to an Exhibition Opening II (00:10:59)
Bengt Emil Johnson - 1970/05; (lecture on...) (00:08:37)
MetaMusic (Kevin Austin) - 1972/05/23 RE VO (00:31:11)
MetaMusic (Kevin Austin) - 1972/08/08 As quiet as ostinado (00:19:38)
1973 France Luc Ferrari’s Presque rien nº 1 is the first “naturalist” work, predating much of the work of artists working in the genres of Ars Acustica or Acoustic Ecology.
Alcides Lanza - Hip’nos I (00:13:40)
Roman Berger - Epitaph for Nicolaus Copernicus (00:19:24)
1974
Peter Kolman - E 15 (00:11:54)
Denis Lorrain - Générique (I) (∑) (R) (00:24:28)
Ted Dawson - Concerto Grosso I (00:13:21)
Barry Schrader - Basilisks (from Bestiary) (00:07:39)
1975 The first personal studios.
John Wells - Maggies Workshop in a Curving Space... (00:21:03)
Eric Brown - Train Tape — Hudson Heights Station (00:15:55)
1976
Denis Lorrain - P-A, version “Luminy” (00:11:27)
Morton Subotnick - Until Spring (00:14:29)
1977 France
IRCAM is founded, the beginnings of research into music and technologies.
John Winiarz - Vortices II (00:08:40)
Bruno Deschênes - Ne riez pas (00:08:05)
1978 The first polyphonic synthesizer and the first completely programmable synthesizer, the Prophet.
Jean-Claude Eloy - Gaku-no-Michi
(Les Voies de la Musique) : I. Tokyo (00:08:40)
Hildegard Westerkamp - Fantasie for Horns I & II (00:12:49)
1979 Japan
Invention of the Walkman, a portable cassette player with excellent sound quality.
Yves Daoust - Quatuor (00:21:04)
Eric Nordgren - Voice op. 126 (00:06:54)
Bernard Donzel-Gargand - Le chant d’Hu/Ba/Re (00:07:31)
Sergio Barroso - Yantra VI (00:15:46)
1968
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1979
Produced with the financial participation of the Department of Canadian Heritage