THE CONCORDIA COLLECTION WITHIN ELECTROACOUSTIC
HISTORY
Introduction INTRODUCTION   PEDAGOGICAL OBJECTIVES PEDAGOGICAL OBJECTIVES Introduction BACK


1955-1970
EVOLUTION OF STYLES



The 1960s are characterized in part by the appearance of a new generation of musicians and of new means and methods in musical creation. New performance genres would emerge, notably “mixed” music and “live electronic”, the latter enjoying great popularity in the 1970s.

Among the better know are Gentle Fire (Hugh Davies et al), Intermodulations (Smalley et al), Musica Elettronica Viva (Rzewski et al), Sonic Art Union (Ashley, Behrman, Lucier, Mumma), Stockhausen Ensemble, etc. In Canada, of note were MUD-Sonde (Montréal), GIMMEL (Université Laval), the Canadian Electronic Ensemble (CEE, Toronto) and MetaMusic (Montréal).

Several Canadian composers became interested in electroacoustics, including Pierre Mercure, Maurice Blackburn, alcides lanza, Otto Joachim, István Anhalt, Gilles Tremblay, Michel Longtin, Micheline Coulombe Saint-Marcoux, etc. However, apart from Serge Garant — who composed the first Canadian mixed work — and especially the work of lanza, Blackburn and Mercure, it would not be until the 1970s and 80s that composers who dedicated themselves more exclusively to electroacoustics would appear.

Thanks to the developments of microprocessors and transistors, synthesizers were decreasing in size and becoming more available in the mainstream, particularly in the USA, but also in England. A few names from the period: Prophet 5 (1978), Moog, Mellotron, Synclavier. Technological developments would have great influence on the stylistic cross-fertilization that characterizes this period.

1957
USA
At the Bell Telephone Laboratories (AT&T), Max Mathews does research in computer-generated synthetic sounds. 
  
1958
Stereophonic recording and its corollary, the two-channel tape recorder, appears on the mass market.

USA
Birth of the “San Francisco school” with Morton Subotnick.


France
The Groupe de musique concrète becomes the Groupe de recherches musicales (GRM).


Belgium
At the Brussels Expo, Varèse’s Poème Électronique is spatialized in the Phillips Pavilion, designed by Le Corbusier. 
  
1959
USA
RCA Synthesizer (Columbia-Princeton).


France
Iannis Xenakis creates stochastic music: sounds and musical form are calculated entirely by a computer.
  
1960
Creation of the first sequencer as part of the research on synthesizers.

István Anhalt - Electronic Composition No. 3 “Birds & Bells  István Anhalt - Electronic Composition No. 3 “Birds & Bells“ (00:10:17) 
  
1960-62
Germany
Herbert Eimert’s research into vocal synthesis result in his composition Epitaph Für Aikichi Kuboyama.
  
1962
USA
Compositions are created on 4-track tape recorders by Milton Babbitt, Ilhan Mimaroglu, etc.


A. Koenig - Terminus  A. Koenig - Terminus (00:14:38) 
1962-64
USA
Milton Babbitt composes Philomel for an ensemble of synthesizers (RCA).
  
1963
Holland
Appearance of the audio cassette and the mini-cassette. At first, several rival companies attempt to impose different protocols (notably RCA-Victor), but in the end the protocol developed by Philips would become the norm, saturating the market in the 1980s. Around 2001 the decline of this audio storage format would be more or less complete.


France
First collective concert of the GRM.
  
1964
First generation of commercial synthesizers — the Moog Synthesizer — and the start of a general trend to reduce the size of such instruments.

Computer music programmes are slowly becoming available, but are by no means commonplace.
  
1965
USA
The synthesizer, now gaining in popularity, is starting to be used in concert situations, live performances and as an instrument as such.


Germany
One of the most important explorations of live transformation of sound — in terms of impact — is Karlheinz Stockhausen’s Mikrophonie (1964–65).

Alcides Lanza - Exercise I  Alcides Lanza - Exercise I (00:08:41) 
  
1966
Italy / USA
The first groups performing “live electronics” begin to appear.


France
Pierre Schaeffer publishes his classic treatise Le Traité des objets musicaux. This would be followed by a series of instructional discs, Le Solfège des objets sonores, which he created in collaboration with François-Bernard Mâche and Beatriz Feyrrera.
  
1967
Commercialization of the analogue cassette.

France
Pierre Henry composes one of the first works in which electroacoustic music is combined with pop music in Messe pour le temps présent. Because of this work, Henry would later be nicknamed the “grandfather of techno”, a title he adamantly declines to accept. 


François Bayle’s Espaces inhabitables is the first work to use recordings of outdoor sounds.

USA
Morton Subotnick’s Silver Apples of the Moon is the first piece commissioned by an organization with no affiliation to a concert or performance.


Jozef Malovec - Orthogenesi  Jozef Malovec - Orthogenesis (00:08:31) 
  1957 1958 1959 1960 1960-2 1962 1962-2 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967  
 
  1957 1958 1959 1960 1960+ 1962 1962+ 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967  


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Projet d’archivage Concordia (PAC) Communauté électroacoustique canadienne / Canadian Electroacoustic Community